U.S. Supreme Court- Aliens, Immigration and Nationality Law
U.S. SUPREME COURT CASES (click on link)
DUI IS NOT A CRIME OF VIOLENCE:
Leocal v. Ashcroft 543 U. S. ____ (2004) November 9, 2004.
A drunk driving accident is not a "crime of violence" allowing the government to deport a permanent resident, the Supreme Court ruled in Leocal v. Ashcroft 543 U. S. ____ (2004) November 9, 2004.
The court ruled unanimously in favor of Josue Leocal, a Florida man challenging his deportation to Haiti in 2002 after pleading guilty to a felony charge of drunk driving.
The 11th U.S. Circuit Court of Appeals ruled that the DUI offense was a "crime of violence" under the immigration statute because he had caused injury to others.
The Supreme Court disagreed. It said the plain meaning of the statute suggests that the felony offense must require intent in causing harm - not mere negligence as in Leocal's case - before immigrants are subject to the drastic consequence of deportation.
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REHNQUIST, C. J., delivered the opinion for a unanimous Court.
Petitioner, a lawful permanent resident of the United States, pleaded guilty to two counts of driving under the influence of alcohol (DUI) and causing serious bodily injury in an accident, in violation of Florida law. While he was serving his prison sentence, the Immigration and Naturalization Service (INS) initiated removal proceedings pursuant to § 237(a) of the Immigration and Nationality Act (INA), which permits deportation of an alien convicted of "an aggravated felony." INA § 101(a)(43)(F) defines "aggravated felony" to include, inter alia, "a crime of violence [as defined in 18 U.S.C. § 16] for which the term of imprisonment [is] at least one year." Title 18 U.S.C. § 16(a), in turn, defines "crime of violence" as "an offense that has as an element the use . . . of physical force against the person or property of another," and § 16(b) defines it as "any other offense that is a felony and that, by its nature, involves a substantial risk that physical force against the person or property of another may be used in the course of committing the offense." An Immigration Judge and the Board of Immigration Appeals (BIA) ordered petitioner's deportation, and the Eleventh Circuit dismissed his petition for review, relying on its precedent that a conviction under Florida's DUI statute is a crime of violence under 18 U.S.C. § 16.
Held: State DUI offenses such as Florida's, which either do not have a mens rea component or require only a showing of negligence in the operation of a vehicle, are not crimes of violence under 18 U.S.C. § 16. Pp. 4-11.
(a) Section 16 requires this Court to look to the elements and nature of the offense of conviction in determining whether petitioner's conviction falls within its ambit. Florida's DUI statute, like similar statutes in many States, requires proof of causation but not of any mental state; and some other States appear to require only proof that a person acted negligently in operating the vehicle. This Court's analysis begins with § 16's language. See Bailey v. United States, 516 U.S. 137, 144, 133 L. Ed. 2d 472, 116 S. Ct. 501. Particularly when interpreting a statute featuring as elastic a word as "use," the Court construes language in its context and in light of the terms surrounding it. See Smith v. United States, 508 U.S. 223, 229, 124 L. Ed. 2d 138, 113 S. Ct. 2050. Section 16(a)'s critical aspect is that a crime of violence involves the "use . . . of physical force against" another's person or property. That requires active employment. See Bailey, supra, 516 U.S. 137, at 145, 1333 L. Ed. 472, 116 S. Ct. 501. While one may, in theory, actively employ something in an accidental manner, it is much less natural to say that a person actively employs physical force against another by accident. When interpreting a statute, words must be given their "ordinary or natural" meaning, Smith, supra, 508 U.S. 223 at 228, 124 L. Ed. 2d 138, 113 S. Ct. 2050, and § 16(a)'s key phrase most naturally suggests a higher degree of intent than negligent or merely accidental conduct. Petitioner's DUI offense therefore is not a crime of violence under § 16(a). Pp. 4-8.
(b) Nor is it a crime of violence under § 16(b), which sweeps more broadly than § 16(a), but does not thereby encompass all negligent conduct, such as negligent operation of a vehicle. It simply covers offenses that naturally involve a person acting in disregard of the risk that physical force might be used against another in committing an offense. The classic example is burglary, which, by nature, involves a substantial risk that the burglar will use force against a victim in completing the crime. Thus, § 16(b) contains the same formulation found to be determinative in § 16(a): the use of physical force against another's person or property. Accordingly, § 16(b)'s language must be given an identical construction, requiring a higher mens rea than the merely accidental or negligent conduct involved in a DUI offense. Pp. 8-9.
(c) The ordinary meaning of the term "crime of violence," which is what this Court is ultimately determining, combined with § 16's emphasis on the use of physical force against another (or the risk of having to use such force in committing a crime), suggests a category of violent, active crimes that cannot be said naturally to include DUI offenses. This construction is reinforced by INA § 101(h), which includes as alternative definitions of "serious criminal offense" a "crime of violence, as defined in [§ 16]," § 101(h)(2), and a DUI-causing-injury offense, § 101(h)(3). Interpreting § 16 to include DUI offenses would leave § 101(h)(3) practically void of significance, in contravention of the rule that effect should be given to every word of a statute whenever possible, see Duncan v. Walker, 533 U.S. 167, 174, 150 L. Ed. 2d 251, 121 S. Ct. 2120. Pp. 9-11.
(d) This case does not present the question whether an offense requiring proof of the reckless use of force against another's person or property qualifies as a crime of violence under § 16. P. 11.
Reversed and remanded
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Demore v. Kim: Mandatory Detention Allowed | Custody & No Bond/Bail: INA Sec. 236(c)(1), 8 U.S.C.S. Sec. 1226(c)(1) (April 29, 2003)
The US Supreme Court declared that lawful permanent residents with certain criminal convictions can be detained pursuant to INA §236(c) without an individual bond hearing. The Court, however, also held that § 236(e) does not preclude habeas review of challenges to detention under § 236(c) .
The Supreme Court decision in Demore v. Kim applied only to individuals who conceded deportability and explicitly did not address the adequacy of the Matter of Joseph hearing, which allows a person to be released if she or he can demonstrate that the government is "substantially unlikely to prevail" on the charges of removal. To the extent possible, non-citizens should not concede deportability and request a Matter of Joseph hearing. 22 I. & N. Dec. 799 (BIA 1999) http://callyourlawyers.com/pdfcaselaw/matterofjoseph.pdf
The Immigration Judge may make a determination on whether a lawful permanent resident “is not properly included” in a mandatory detention category, in accordance with 8 C.F.R. § 3.19(h)(2)(ii), either before or after the conclusion of the underlying removal case. If this threshold bond decision is made after the Immigration Judge’s resolution of the removal case, the Immigration Judge may rely on that underlying merits determination.
________________________________
INS v. St. Cyr: Supreme Court Allows Criminal Aliens to Apply for Waivers under former Section 212(c)
Courts have jurisdiction under 28 U.S.C. 2241 to decide the legal issue raised by St. Cyrs habeas petition. (2) Section 212(c) relief remains available for aliens, like St. Cyr, whose convictions were obtained through plea agreements and who, notwithstanding those convictions, would have been eligible for 212(c) relief at the time of their plea under the law then in effect. Certiorari to the United States Court of Appeals for the Second Circuit No. 00767. June 25, 2001
HTML: http://supct.law.cornell.edu/supct/html/00-767.ZS.html
PDF: http://callyourlawyers.com/pdfcaselaw/St.Cyr_supct.pdf
DUI IS NOT A CRIME OF VIOLENCE:
Leocal v. Ashcroft 543 U. S. ____ (2004) November 9, 2004.
A drunk driving accident is not a "crime of violence" allowing the government to deport a permanent resident, the Supreme Court ruled in Leocal v. Ashcroft 543 U. S. ____ (2004) November 9, 2004.
The court ruled unanimously in favor of Josue Leocal, a Florida man challenging his deportation to Haiti in 2002 after pleading guilty to a felony charge of drunk driving.
The 11th U.S. Circuit Court of Appeals ruled that the DUI offense was a "crime of violence" under the immigration statute because he had caused injury to others.
The Supreme Court disagreed. It said the plain meaning of the statute suggests that the felony offense must require intent in causing harm - not mere negligence as in Leocal's case - before immigrants are subject to the drastic consequence of deportation.
DOWNLOAD
REHNQUIST, C. J., delivered the opinion for a unanimous Court.
Petitioner, a lawful permanent resident of the United States, pleaded guilty to two counts of driving under the influence of alcohol (DUI) and causing serious bodily injury in an accident, in violation of Florida law. While he was serving his prison sentence, the Immigration and Naturalization Service (INS) initiated removal proceedings pursuant to § 237(a) of the Immigration and Nationality Act (INA), which permits deportation of an alien convicted of "an aggravated felony." INA § 101(a)(43)(F) defines "aggravated felony" to include, inter alia, "a crime of violence [as defined in 18 U.S.C. § 16] for which the term of imprisonment [is] at least one year." Title 18 U.S.C. § 16(a), in turn, defines "crime of violence" as "an offense that has as an element the use . . . of physical force against the person or property of another," and § 16(b) defines it as "any other offense that is a felony and that, by its nature, involves a substantial risk that physical force against the person or property of another may be used in the course of committing the offense." An Immigration Judge and the Board of Immigration Appeals (BIA) ordered petitioner's deportation, and the Eleventh Circuit dismissed his petition for review, relying on its precedent that a conviction under Florida's DUI statute is a crime of violence under 18 U.S.C. § 16.
Held: State DUI offenses such as Florida's, which either do not have a mens rea component or require only a showing of negligence in the operation of a vehicle, are not crimes of violence under 18 U.S.C. § 16. Pp. 4-11.
(a) Section 16 requires this Court to look to the elements and nature of the offense of conviction in determining whether petitioner's conviction falls within its ambit. Florida's DUI statute, like similar statutes in many States, requires proof of causation but not of any mental state; and some other States appear to require only proof that a person acted negligently in operating the vehicle. This Court's analysis begins with § 16's language. See Bailey v. United States, 516 U.S. 137, 144, 133 L. Ed. 2d 472, 116 S. Ct. 501. Particularly when interpreting a statute featuring as elastic a word as "use," the Court construes language in its context and in light of the terms surrounding it. See Smith v. United States, 508 U.S. 223, 229, 124 L. Ed. 2d 138, 113 S. Ct. 2050. Section 16(a)'s critical aspect is that a crime of violence involves the "use . . . of physical force against" another's person or property. That requires active employment. See Bailey, supra, 516 U.S. 137, at 145, 1333 L. Ed. 472, 116 S. Ct. 501. While one may, in theory, actively employ something in an accidental manner, it is much less natural to say that a person actively employs physical force against another by accident. When interpreting a statute, words must be given their "ordinary or natural" meaning, Smith, supra, 508 U.S. 223 at 228, 124 L. Ed. 2d 138, 113 S. Ct. 2050, and § 16(a)'s key phrase most naturally suggests a higher degree of intent than negligent or merely accidental conduct. Petitioner's DUI offense therefore is not a crime of violence under § 16(a). Pp. 4-8.
(b) Nor is it a crime of violence under § 16(b), which sweeps more broadly than § 16(a), but does not thereby encompass all negligent conduct, such as negligent operation of a vehicle. It simply covers offenses that naturally involve a person acting in disregard of the risk that physical force might be used against another in committing an offense. The classic example is burglary, which, by nature, involves a substantial risk that the burglar will use force against a victim in completing the crime. Thus, § 16(b) contains the same formulation found to be determinative in § 16(a): the use of physical force against another's person or property. Accordingly, § 16(b)'s language must be given an identical construction, requiring a higher mens rea than the merely accidental or negligent conduct involved in a DUI offense. Pp. 8-9.
(c) The ordinary meaning of the term "crime of violence," which is what this Court is ultimately determining, combined with § 16's emphasis on the use of physical force against another (or the risk of having to use such force in committing a crime), suggests a category of violent, active crimes that cannot be said naturally to include DUI offenses. This construction is reinforced by INA § 101(h), which includes as alternative definitions of "serious criminal offense" a "crime of violence, as defined in [§ 16]," § 101(h)(2), and a DUI-causing-injury offense, § 101(h)(3). Interpreting § 16 to include DUI offenses would leave § 101(h)(3) practically void of significance, in contravention of the rule that effect should be given to every word of a statute whenever possible, see Duncan v. Walker, 533 U.S. 167, 174, 150 L. Ed. 2d 251, 121 S. Ct. 2120. Pp. 9-11.
(d) This case does not present the question whether an offense requiring proof of the reckless use of force against another's person or property qualifies as a crime of violence under § 16. P. 11.
Reversed and remanded
________________________________
Demore v. Kim: Mandatory Detention Allowed | Custody & No Bond/Bail: INA Sec. 236(c)(1), 8 U.S.C.S. Sec. 1226(c)(1) (April 29, 2003)
The US Supreme Court declared that lawful permanent residents with certain criminal convictions can be detained pursuant to INA §236(c) without an individual bond hearing. The Court, however, also held that § 236(e) does not preclude habeas review of challenges to detention under § 236(c) .
The Supreme Court decision in Demore v. Kim applied only to individuals who conceded deportability and explicitly did not address the adequacy of the Matter of Joseph hearing, which allows a person to be released if she or he can demonstrate that the government is "substantially unlikely to prevail" on the charges of removal. To the extent possible, non-citizens should not concede deportability and request a Matter of Joseph hearing. 22 I. & N. Dec. 799 (BIA 1999) http://callyourlawyers.com/pdfcaselaw/matterofjoseph.pdf
The Immigration Judge may make a determination on whether a lawful permanent resident “is not properly included” in a mandatory detention category, in accordance with 8 C.F.R. § 3.19(h)(2)(ii), either before or after the conclusion of the underlying removal case. If this threshold bond decision is made after the Immigration Judge’s resolution of the removal case, the Immigration Judge may rely on that underlying merits determination.
________________________________
INS v. St. Cyr: Supreme Court Allows Criminal Aliens to Apply for Waivers under former Section 212(c)
Courts have jurisdiction under 28 U.S.C. 2241 to decide the legal issue raised by St. Cyrs habeas petition. (2) Section 212(c) relief remains available for aliens, like St. Cyr, whose convictions were obtained through plea agreements and who, notwithstanding those convictions, would have been eligible for 212(c) relief at the time of their plea under the law then in effect. Certiorari to the United States Court of Appeals for the Second Circuit No. 00767. June 25, 2001
HTML: http://supct.law.cornell.edu/supct/html/00-767.ZS.html
PDF: http://callyourlawyers.com/pdfcaselaw/St.Cyr_supct.pdf
Labels: Chicago Immigration Court, Chicago-dui lawyer, Immigration Judge, Removal, Removal hearing
posted by Mike Baker at
11:19 AM
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